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An administrative law judge (ALJ) in the United States is a judge and trier of fact who both presides over trials and adjudicates claims or disputes involving administrative law—that is, involving administrative units of the executive branch of government. ALJs can administer oaths, take testimony, rule on questions of evidence, and make factual and legal determinations. The term refers only to a quasi-judicial official who decides claims or disputes under the formal provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act governing adjudication, and "it is not (as many law students mistakenly assume) a generic phrase that can be used to describe any agency adjudicator".

In the United States, the United States Supreme Court has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is "functionally comparable" to that of an Article III judge. An ALJ's powers are often, if not generally, comparable to those of a trial judge, as ALJs may issue subpoenas, rule on proffers of evidence, regulate the course of the hearing, and make or recommend decisions. However, because of the strict separation of powers imposed by the federal Constitution, ALJs are always regarded as members of the executive branch, not the judicial branch. Unlike true judges in the judicial branch, ALJs lack broad subject-matter jurisdiction and are limited to the jurisdiction conferred upon their home agency by its governing statutes.

Depending upon the agency's jurisdiction, proceedings may have complex multiparty adjudication, as is the case with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or simplified and less formal procedures, as is the case with the Social Security Administration.